Biblical studies in Russia in 19th and 20th centuries

Inheritance Laws in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Research on iodine deficiency and goiter in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In 1811, Courtois noted a violet vapor arising from burning seaweed ash and Gay-Lussac subsequently identified the vapor as iodine, a new element. The Swiss physician Coindet, in 1813, hypothesized the traditional treatment of goiter with seaweed was effective because of its iodine content and successfully treated goitrous patients with iodine. Two decades later, the French chemist Boussingault...

An Overview of Epidemic Typhus in the World and Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries.

The present article provides a concise historical review on classical epidemic typhus (exanthemata typhus) in the world as well its outbreaks in Iran mainly during the 19th and 20th centuries. Typhus is still a potential public health threat under certain conditions, despite the fact that nowadays, efficient antibiotics are accessible and sanitary conditions which lead to typhus outbreaks have ...

Beijerinck and the bioluminescent bacteria: microbiological experiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Microbiological research in the days before specialized equipment, or even electricity, required a great deal of ingenuity. The revival of 90-year-old bioluminescent bacteria from Beijerinck's laboratory in Delft prompted a review of his work with these microorganisms and revealed their use in simple techniques for the investigation of, among other things, sugar metabolism in yeasts, oxygen gen...

​​​History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries

Cholera is an acute infectious disease with high mortality if left untreated. Historically, between the 19(th) and 20(th) centuries seven great pandemics of cholera occurred and worldwide, thousands of people died. Based on an old theory, cholera was considered an air-born disease and the emergence of its outbreaks were attributed to bad weather or miasma. However later in the 18(th) century, B...